Compatibility study of Duddingtonia flagrans conidia and its crude proteolytic extract.

This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant use of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and its protease-rich crude extract for the in vitro control of Panagrellus sp., Haemonchus spp., and Trichostrongylus spp. The nematicidal tests were carried out on larvae of the free-living nematode Panagrellus sp. and infective larvae of the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of domestic ruminants (Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp). Five experimental groups were set: (1) one control group (G1) and (4) four treated groups -G2 - active crude extract; G3 - denatured crude extract; G4 - fungus, and G5 - fungus + active extract. Plates were incubated at 28 ºC for 24 h followed by the recovery of the larvae using the Baermann technique. The results showed a lower recovery of Panagrellus sp. larvae in the experimental groups compared to the control group, as follows: 52 % (G2), 16 % (G3), 46 % (G4), and 77 % (G5). An even greater reduction (77 ± 5 %) occurred in the group (G5). In addition, the authors observed lower averages of L3 of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. in the experimental groups compared to the control group, as follows: 59 % (G2), 0 % (G3), 86 % (G4), and 76 % (G5). In turn, there was a difference (p < 0.01) between (G5) and (G2). The results this study indicate a positive effect from the compatible use of the D. flagrans fungus and its enzymatic crude extract (protease), which has been demonstrated here for the first time and with potential field applications for further designs.

Efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans (Bioverm®) on the biological control of buffalo gastrointestinal nematodes.

We evaluated the efficacy of Bioverm®, a commercial product containing Duddingtonia flagrans, on the control of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) gastrointestinal nematodes. We randomly divided 12 buffaloes into two groups of six animals. In the treated group, each animal received a Bioverm®`s single dose of 1g (105 chlamydospores of D. flagrans) to 10 kg of live weight; in the control group, each animal received 1g of corn bran for each 10 kg of live weight as a placebo. Fecal samples were individually collected from 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after treatments. To examine 1) viability of chlamydospores passed through the gastrointestinal tract, 2 g of faeces and 1000 infective larvae (L3) were added to Petri dishes with 2% water-agar, and 2) to examine larval predation by D. flagrans during fecal cultures, 2000 L3 were added. In the Petri dishes, were observed significant reductions (p < 0.01) in the treated group after 48 (56.7%) and 60 h (91.5%). In the fecal cultures, significant reductions (p < 0.01) occurred in the treated group from 36 h (75%), with larval reduction up to 72 h. High larval predation rate occurred 60 h after Bioverm® administration. Bioverm® maintained viability and predation capacity after passage through the buffalo's gastrointestinal tract, showing efficacy on gastrointestinal nematodes.

A Review of the Impact of Climate Change on the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants and Wildlife in Tropical Conditions.

Climate change is causing detrimental changes in living organisms, including pathogens. This review aimed to determine how climate change has impacted livestock system management, and consequently, what factors influenced the gastrointestinal nematodes epidemiology in small ruminants under tropical conditions. The latter is orientated to find out the possible solutions responding to climate change adverse effects. Climate factors that affect the patterns of transmission of gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated ruminants are reviewed. Climate change has modified the behavior of several animal species, including parasites. For this reason, new control methods are required for controlling parasitic infections in livestock animals. After a pertinent literature analysis, conclusions and perspectives of control are given.

Strategy of Nematophagous Fungi in Determining the Activity of Plant Parasitic Nematodes and Their Prospective Role in Sustainable Agriculture.

In this review, we supply a framework for the importance of nematophagous fungi (nematophagous fungi [NF]) and their role in agricultural ecosystems. We characterize the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, and type of NF, depending on their interaction with plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). We described potential mechanisms of NF in the control of PPNs, the efficiency and methods of utilization, and the use of nematicides in sustainable agriculture. We explain the utilization of NF in nanotechnology as a new approach. NF are significant in the soil for having the effective potential for use in sustainable agriculture. These types of fungi belong to wide taxa groups, such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and other groups. Diverse NF are available in different kinds of soil, especially in soils that contain high densities of nematodes. There is a relationship between the environment of nematodes and NF. NF can be divided into two types according to the mechanisms that affect nematodes. These types are divided into direct or indirect effects. The direct effects include the following: ectoparasites, endoparasites, cyst, or egg parasites producing toxins, and attack tools as special devices. However, the indirect effect comprises two groups: paralyzing toxins and the effect on the life cycle of nematodes. We explained the molecular mechanisms for determining the suitable conditions in brief and clarified the potential for increasing the efficacy of NF to highly impact sustainable agriculture in two ways: directly and indirectly.

Association between infestation by Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Lystrophoridae) and the occurrence of Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex.

Lynxacarus radovskyi are mites commonly found within domestic feline hair stems. The infested animal presents an opaque fur with a "salt and pepper" aspect. The contamination may occur by direct contact with other infected animals or by fomites, and the main diagnostic tool is the direct examination of the fur. The Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex (FEGC) is a dermatological pattern of an immune answer against many types of injuries in felines, mainly during allergic reactions, and the treatment of choice are corticosteroids. The objective of this work was to document the linxcariosis cases at the Veterinary Hospital Professor Ricardo Alexandre Hippler-University of Vila Velha. Futhermore, the work also meant to research the association between the parasite contagion and the occurrence of FEGC injuries, which commonly occurred. Between April 2017 and August 2018, there were 8 reported cases of felines infested with L. radovskyi. The diagnoses were made with Acetate tape impression or by direct fur examination. Seven out of the eight cats presented with at least one characteristic injury of the FEGC. In all of them the chosen treatment was moxidectin or spot-on imidacloprid plus corticotherapy on the cats with FEGC, which were effective.

First report of the nematicidal activity of Flammulina velutipes, its spent mushroom compost and metabolites.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the nematicidal potential of Flammulina velutipes and its spent mushroom compost. Additionally, the nematicidal activity of enzymes and metabolites was analyzed. Isolated F. velutipes and its SMC had significant nematicidal effect on Panagrellus sp. larvae. The percentages of reduction in relation to the control group were: 69, 57.5 and 70% for SMC and 56, 24.5 and 26.6% for the isolated fungus, for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The active SMC crude extract showed nematicidal action with reduction percentages of 43 and 57% for 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. The boiled crude extract also showed nematicidal action, however, the reduction percentages were lower than those of the active extract. This demonstrated that the nematicidal action was due to enzyme activities and other metabolites. The results demonstrated that SMC, the isolated fungus, the crude extract and the boiled crude extract showed a significant percentage of reduction on Panagrellus sp. larvae. SMC evidenced a higher nematicidal activity than the isolated fungus. In addition, nematophagous activity of F. velutipes was observed for the first time.

Acute treatment with Mangifera indica L. leaf extract attenuates liver inflammation in rats fed a cafeteria diet.

This study investigates the acute anti-inflammatory activity of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract and mangiferin in the liver of rats fed a cafeteria diet. This study was a randomized longitudinal experimental study. The animals were divided into three groups - Control: cafeteria diet (CD); Extract: CD + leaf extract (250 mg kg-1); and Mangiferin: CD + mangiferin (40 mg kg-1). Body weight and food intake were measured every week. On day eight, mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory markers were evaluated in the liver. Also, liver weight, SOD activity and malondialdehyde concentration were measured. Treatment for only eight days with mango leaf extract and mangiferin increased SOD activity. Mangiferin intake increased the mRNA expression of PPAR-α and HSP72. The leaf extract treatment enhanced PPAR-α mRNA expression. Mangiferin and leaf extract consumption caused a lower concentration of NFκB (p65) in nuclear extracts, and greater IL-10 mRNA and protein levels. This study highlights the potential of acute treatment with mango leaf extract and mangiferin to prevent liver inflammation caused by fat-rich diets. These results indicate a new use for a product that has low cost, is found in great amounts, and is not routinely used.

Nematicidal activity of silver nanoparticles from the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans.

BACKGROUND: Helminth parasites cause morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. Most anthelmintic drugs used in the treatment of parasitic nematode infections act on target proteins or regulate the electrical activity of neurons and muscles. In this way, it can lead to paralysis, starvation, immune attack, and expulsion of the worm. However, current anthelmintics have some limitations that include a limited spectrum of activity across species and the threat of drug resistance, which highlights the need for new drugs for human and veterinary medicine. PURPOSE: Present study has been conducted to determine the anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the extract of nematophagous fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, on the infecting larvae of Ancylostoma caninum (L3). METHODS: The nanoparticles were characterized by visual, ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro study was based on experiments to inhibit the motility of infective larvae (L3), and the ultrastructural analysis of the nematode was performed by images obtained by TEM. RESULTS: The XRD studies revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles, and FTIR results implied that AgNPs were successfully synthesized and capped with compounds present in the extract. The results showed that the green synthesis of AgNPs exhibited nematicidal activity, being the only ones capable of penetrating the cuticle of the larvae, causing changes in the tegmentum, and consequently, the death of the nematode. CONCLUSION: The extract of the fungus D. flagrans is able to synthesize AgNP and these have a nematicidal action.

Proteolytic and nematicidal potential of the compost colonized by Hypsizygus marmoreus.

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is a residue generated in edible mushrooms production, such as Hypsizygus marmoreus. Its genome was recently sequenced, demonstrating cuticle-degrading protease genes. The present work aims to investigate the proteases from H. marmoreus spent mushroom compost (SMC) by verifying its action on nematode larvae. The extraction of the crude extract directly with water from H. marmoreus SMC proved to be efficient for proteases obtainment, with proteolytic activity of 195.36 ±â€¯18.38 U g-1 of compound. Moreover, the zymogram and SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of two proteases with estimated molecular weights of 30.2 and 33.7 kDa. Due to the protease activity present in H. marmoreus SMC extract, there was a significant reduction in the number of Panagrellus redivivus and L3 in treated group compared to control group (p < 0.01), with 52% and 26% of reduction, respectively. A0A151VWY3 mature protein is composed of 296 amino acid residues, exhibiting molecular weight and pI of 29.5 kDa and 6.72. A0A151WD28 mature protein is composed of 343 amino acid residues, exhibiting molecular weight and pI of 34.4 kDa and 8.04. In the present work it was demonstrated that SMC from H. marmoreus has easily extracted protease content, presenting two proteases, possibly with cuticle-degrading activity, which had significant nematicidal effect on P. redivivus and bovine infective larvae.

Multi-enzyme complex of white rot fungi in saccharification of lignocellulosic material

ABSTRACT The multi-enzyme complex (crude extract) of white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Trametes versicolor, Pycnosporus sanguineus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were characterized, evaluated in the hydrolysis of pretreated pulps of sorghum straw and compared efficiency with commercial enzyme. Most fungi complexes had better hydrolysis rates compared with purified commercial enzyme.

Multi-enzyme complex of white rot fungi in saccharification of lignocellulosic material.

The multi-enzyme complex (crude extract) of white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Trametes versicolor, Pycnosporus sanguineus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were characterized, evaluated in the hydrolysis of pretreated pulps of sorghum straw and compared efficiency with commercial enzyme. Most fungi complexes had better hydrolysis rates compared with purified commercial enzyme.

In vitro and in silico characterization of a novel dextranase from Pochonia chlamydosporia.

The objective of this study was to purify, characterize, and phylogenetically and structurally analyze the dextranase produced by the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Dextranase produced by the fungus P. chlamydosporia was purified to homogeneity in two steps, with a yield of 152%, purification factor of 6.84 and specific activity of 358.63 U/mg. Its molecular weight was estimated by SDS-PAGE at 64 kDa. The enzyme presented higher activity at 50 °C and pH 5.0, using 100 mM citrate-phosphate buffer, was inhibited by Ag1+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and presented KM of 23.60 µM. Mature dextranase is composed of 585 amino acids residues, with a predicted molecular weight of 64.38 kDa and pI 5.96. This dextranase showed a strong phylogenetic similarity when compared to Trichoderma harzianum dextranase. Its structure consists of two domains: the first composed by 15 ß strands, and the second composed by a right-handed parallel ß-helix.

Minimum cocktail of cellulolytic multi-enzyme complexes obtained from white rot fungi via solid-state fermentation.

The objective of this work was to optimize the total cellulase activity of the crude extract cocktails from five white rot fungi produced by solid-state fermentation, by means of the central composite design. The white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus PLO 06, Pleurotus eryngii PLE 04, Trametes versicolor TRAM 01, Pycnosporus sanguineus PYC 02 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium PC were tested. For optimization process aiming at the maximum value of total cellulase activity (FPAse), the multi-enzyme cellulase complexes (crude extracts) of each fungus were mixed simultaneously in different proportions. There was increase in FPAse activity for the cocktails formed by the extracts of the five fungi together, compared to the extracts of each fungus alone. The model presented the minimum cocktail of enzymes for maximum total cellulase activity, with 100.00 µL PYC; 100.00 µL PC; 100.00 µL PLO06; 100.00 µL PLE04 and 200 µL TRAM01. The maximum value found was of 304.86 U/L. The result of the cocktails was very relevant, showing that there is an enzymatic complementation in the extracts that should be further studied. Concentrated extract cocktails should also be evaluated for biomass saccharification.

Assessment of compatibility between the nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys robusta and Duddingtonia flagrans under laboratory conditions / Valoración de la compatibilidad entre los hongos nematófagos Arthrobotrys robusta y Duddingtonia flagrans en condiciones de laboratorio

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Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces marquandii proteases on infective larvae of Ancylostoma spp

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the action of Paecilomyces marquandii proteases on Ancylostoma spp L3. White halos in the zymogram confirmed the proteolytic action. Difference (p <0.01) between the number of L3 in the differents groups was found, with 41.4% of reduction of Ancylostoma spp. L3 before 24 hours.

Platynosomum fastosum in an asymptomatic cat in the state of Espírito Santo: first report

Platynosomum fastosum is a parasite that affects cats, and among these, domestic cats, especially those originating from areas with tropical and subtropical climates. It is the most common liver parasite of domestic cats and is usually located in the bile ducts and gall bladder, but may also be found in the small intestine and pancreas. Infection occurs through ingestion of geckos containing metacercariae, causing cholangitis in the bile ducts of domestic cats. The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of P. fastosum after necropsy of an asymptomatic domestic cat, with a history of sudden death, received at the Animal Pathology sector of the Ricardo Alexandre Hippler Veterinary Hospital, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In macroscopic examination adult specimens of P. fastosum were observed inside the visibly dilated bile ducts. The dilatation, the presence of parasites and papillary proliferations into the lumen of the ducts were confirmed by histopathological examination. Then, a cholangiohepatitis associated to P. fastosum infection was classified. This is the first report of the occurrence of P. fastosum in a domestic cat in the state of Espírito Santo

Fungal Antagonism Assessment of Predatory Species and Producers Metabolites and Their Effectiveness on Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae.

The objective of this study was to assess antagonism of nematophagous fungi and species producers metabolites and their effectiveness on Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3). Assay A assesses the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effect on the production of spores of fungal isolates of the species Duddingtonia flagrans, Clonostachys rosea, Trichoderma esau, and Arthrobotrys musiformis; Assay B evaluates in vitro the effect of intercropping of these isolates grown in 2% water-agar (2% WA) on L3 of H. contortus. D. flagrans (Assay A) produced 5.3 × 10(6) spores and associated with T. esau, A. musiformis, or C. rosea reduced its production by 60.37, 45.28, and 49.05%, respectively. T. esau produced 7.9 × 10(7) conidia and associated with D. flagrans, A. musiformis, or C. rosea reduced its production by 39.24, 82.27, and 96.96%, respectively. A. musiformis produced 7.3 × 10(9) spores and associated with D. flagrans, T. esau, or C. rosea reduced its production by 99.98, 99.99, and 99.98%, respectively. C. rosea produced 7.3 × 10(8) conidia and associated with D. flagrans, T. esau, or A. musiformis reduced its production by 95.20, 96.84, and 93.56%, respectively. These results show evidence of antagonism in the production of spores between predators fungi.

Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea and Duddingtonia flagrans in Reducing the Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae.

The biocontrol is proven effective in reducing in vitro and in situ free-living stages of major gastrointestinal helminths, allowing progress in reducing losses by parasitism, maximizing production, and productivity. This study aimed at evaluating the predatory activity of fungal isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans and Clonostachys rosea species and its association on infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus in microplots formed by grasses and maintained in a protected environment. All groups were added with 10 mL of an aqueous suspension with 618 H. contortus L3 approximately. Group 1 was used as control and only received the infective larvae. Groups 2 and 3 received D. flagrans chlamydospores and C. rosea conidia at doses of 5 × 10(6). Group 4 received the combination of 5 × 10(6) D. flagrans chlamydospores + 5 × 10(6) C. rosea conidia. D. flagrans and C. rosea showed nematicidal effectiveness reducing by 91.5 and 88.9%, respectively, the population of H. contortus L3. However, when used in combination efficiency decreased to 74.5% predation of H. contortus L3. These results demonstrate the need for further studies to determine the existence of additive effects, synergistic or antagonistic, between these species.